How do solar panels work and how much energy do they produce?

Solar panels convert sunlight into electricity using photovoltaic cells. When sunlight hits the panels, it excites electrons in silicon cells, generating DC electricity, which is then converted to AC by an inverter. On average, a panel produces 250–400 watts per hour, with a typical system generating 5–10 kWh/day.

EV charging is the process of powering an electric vehicle using a charging station. Types include Level 1 (slow), Level 2 (faster), and DC fast charging (very fast, public stations).

What is solar PV and how does it generate electricity?

Solar PV uses photovoltaic cells to convert sunlight into electricity. Sunlight excites electrons, creating DC electricity, which is then converted into usable AC power by an inverter.

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Q: Do solar panels work in winter?

Yes, solar panels work in winter. They generate electricity from sunlight, not heat. Cold temperatures can improve efficiency, although shorter daylight hours and snow may reduce output.

Q: How long do solar panels last?

Solar panels typically last 25–30 years and often include 20–25 year warranties. Their efficiency declines slowly over time, but they can still generate power well beyond their warranty period.

Q: Are solar panels worth the cost?

Yes, solar panels are worth it for many homes and businesses. Though the upfront cost is high, they can significantly reduce energy bills, especially with government incentives and long-term energy savings.

Q: How many solar panels do I need?

The number depends on your energy usage, sunlight availability, and panel efficiency. A typical UK home might need 15–20 panels for a 6kW system. A solar installer can provide an accurate estimate.

Q: What is a solar battery?

A solar battery stores excess electricity from your solar panels for use later, such as at night or during outages. This maximises energy self-use and increases energy independence.

Q: Is a solar battery the same as an inverter battery?

No, a solar battery is designed specifically to store solar energy. An inverter battery is typically used in backup power systems and may not integrate with solar generation systems.

Q: Is a solar battery worth installing in the UK?

It can be, especially if you use energy during evening hours or face high electricity rates. However, costs can be high, so it's most beneficial if you also qualify for export tariffs or use lots of electricity.

Q: Why have a battery with solar panels?

A battery allows you to store unused solar energy for later use, saving on bills, ensuring backup power, and increasing energy independence from the grid.

Q: How does an off-grid solar system work?

An off-grid system works independently from the grid using solar panels, batteries, a charge controller, and an inverter. It requires careful sizing to meet your total power needs year-round.

Founded in 2010, we are one of the UK’s pioneering companies in the renewable energy sector, specialising in commercial solar solutions.

Spectrum Energy Systems Ltd is a nationwide renewable energy installation company serving Nottingham, Lincoln, Derby, Leicester and beyond, specialising in solar panel installations, battery storage, and EV charging. Through our sister company, Spectrum Wind Services Ltd, we also provide expert solutions for wind turbines across the East Midlands region.

Leading the way for 15 years, we are more than just a solar panel installation company; we’re your gateway to a greener, more efficient future.

Seamless Commercial Solar Solutions

We provide businesses with a smooth transition to renewable resources, from initial consultation to installation and beyond. Our commercial solar PV installation services are designed to maximise your investment whilst minimising disruption to your operations.

Our comprehensive approach includes:

Expert system design utilising advanced solar cell technology
Professional grid applications and compliance management
Seamless integration with minimal business disruption
Maximised efficiency through optimal solar panel mounting solutions
Long-term cost savings through enhanced energy efficiency
Ongoing maintenance and repair services to optimise electricity generation

We help warehouses, offices, factories, and agricultural sites achieve energy independence and sustainability.

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Our Products

Solar PV Panels

Convert Sunlight to Power Seamlessly. Save Significantly on Your

Electricity Bills.

Reliable Domestic Solar Solutions

We make switching to solar power systems effortless for homeowners across the UK. From consultation through to installation and ongoing support, our expert team designs tailored solar installations that integrate seamlessly with your property, maximising efficiency whilst reducing electricity costs.

Our domestic service includes:

Hassle-free process – We handle system design, compliance, and professional uk solar panel installation
Energy independence & lower bills – Enjoy sustainable electricity generation with long-term cost savings
Ongoing maintenance & support – Keeping your system running at peak performance through expert inverter technology management

Whether you require grid-tied systems or off-grid solar solutions, we empower your home with clean, renewable energy today.

Nationwide Network for Comprehensive Solar Services

Based in Nottingham with coverage extending throughout Lincoln, Derby, and Leicester, our team of fully trained engineers is ideally positioned to cover the entire UK with easy access to major motorways and transport links. This strategic East Midlands location enables us to deliver prompt, professional solar power panel installation services nationwide.

Why choose Spectrum?

Extensive Expertise

Our team consists of highly experienced professionals, supported by a skilled and fully qualified workforce passionate about renewable and solar technology.

Quality Assurance

We do not favour a single manufacturer, as the industry offers a wide range of choices. Instead, we carefully select the best products and technologies to suit your budget, ensuring your system is both efficient and reliable.

Custom Solutions

We conduct detailed design and feasibility studies for every client, ensuring each bespoke solution meets their specific needs and expectations.

Customer-Centric

At Spectrum, every client’s journey matters. We take a comprehensive approach, providing a seamless, end-to-end solution for all our installations.

Case Studies

See how we’ve helped businesses and homeowners reduce their energy costs.

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7.56kWp Solar PV & Battery System Installation

Project Overview Seeking greater energy self-sufficiency and lower electricity bills, the client approached Spectrum Energy Systems for a Solar PV and Battery Storage solution for their home in Worksop. After a detailed consultation and system design, they opted for a 7.56kWp solar PV system combined with a 9.5kWh GivEnergy battery,

39.5kWp Solar PV Installation in Sheffield

Project Overview Spectrum Energy Systems is proud to present this successful solar PV installation for a premium residential property in Sheffield. The client, was undertaking significant renovations and sought to integrate a high-performance solar energy system to support his home’s substantial electricity needs. Given the property’s high consumption—powered by an

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Frequently asked questions

How do solar panels work and how much energy do solar panels produce? and do solar panels work in winter?

Solar panels work by converting sunlight into electricity using photovoltaic (PV) cells. When sunlight hits the panels, it excites electrons in the silicon cells, generating direct current (DC) electricity. An inverter then converts DC into alternating current (AC), which powers homes and businesses.

The energy output of solar panels depends on factors like sunlight exposure, panel efficiency, and location. On average, a residential solar panel produces 250–400 watts per hour under ideal conditions. A typical home system generates 5–10 kilowatts per day, significantly reducing reliance on the grid and lowering electricity bills while promoting renewable energy use.

Yes, Solar panels work in winter, though their efficiency may be lower. Solar panels generate electricity from sunlight, not heat, so they still function in cold weather. In fact, solar panels often perform better in cooler temperatures because excessive heat can reduce efficiency. However, shorter daylight hours and snow coverage can reduce energy production. Snow usually melts off panels quickly due to their dark surface and tilt.

How long do solar panels last and are solar panels worth the cost?

Solar panels typically last 25–30 years, with most manufacturers offering warranties of 20–25 years. Whilst their efficiency gradually decreases over time, they can still produce electricity beyond their warranty period. The long lifespan makes solar panels a worthwhile investment.

The cost-effectiveness depends on factors like installation costs, energy savings, and available incentives. Whilst the initial investment can be high, solar panels can significantly reduce electricity bills, often paying for themselves within 5–10 years. Government incentives, net metering, and increased home value further enhance their worth, making them a smart choice for long-term energy savings and sustainability.

How many solar panels do I need?

The number of solar panels you need depends on your energy consumption, panel efficiency, and available sunlight in your location. To estimate:

Determine your electricity usage– Check your utility bill for your monthly kWh consumption. The average UK home can consume up to 6000kWh per year. With more consumption weighted to the winter months
Calculate daily energy needs– Divide your annual consumption by 12 .
Estimate panel output– A typical solar panel produces 300–400 watts per hour. Multiply this by peak sunlight hours (e.g., 4–6 hours per day).
Divide energy needs by panel output– For a 6 kW system, you’d need around 15–20 panels.

A solar installer like Spectrum can provide a precise calculation based on your location and energy needs.

What is a solar battery? Is a solar battery the same as an inverter battery?

A solar battery is a device that stores excess electricity generated by solar panels for later use, especially at night or during power outages. It allows homeowners to maximize solar energy usage and reduce reliance on the grid. Common types include lithium-ion and lead-acid batteries.

A solar battery is not the same as an inverter battery, though they serve similar functions. An inverter battery is typically used in traditional power backup systems, storing electricity from the grid or a generator. In contrast, a solar battery is designed specifically to store solar energy, often integrated with a solar power system for efficiency and sustainability.

Is a solar battery worth installing in the UK?

A solar battery can be well worth installing in the UK, but its value depends on factors like electricity costs, solar generation, and available incentives. Since the UK has higher electricity prices and frequent cloudy days, storing excess solar energy for use during peak hours or at night can greatly increase savings.

However, solar batteries can have high upfront costs (£2,000–£8,000), and payback periods can be long. If your consumption is low and you have a smart export guarantee (SEG) tariff set up, selling excess energy to the grid might be more cost-effective.

A battery is most beneficial if you use a lot of energy both in the day and through the evening.

Why have a battery with solar panels?

A battery with solar panels allows you to store excess energy for later use, increasing energy independence and efficiency. Without a battery, any unused solar energy is sent to the grid, often at a lower rate than what you pay for electricity. With a battery, you can:

Use stored energy at night– Reduce reliance on grid electricity.
Save on energy bills– Maximize self-consumption and avoid peak-time rates.
Ensure backup power– Keep essential appliances running during power cuts.
Increase energy independence– Reduce dependence on utility companies.

How does an off-grid solar system work?

An off-grid solar system operates independently from the electricity grid, generating and storing its own power. It consists of:

Solar Panels– Capture sunlight and convert it into electricity.
Charge Controller– Regulates the power flow to prevent battery overcharging.
Battery Storage– Stores excess energy for use at night or during cloudy days.
Inverter– Converts stored DC (direct current) electricity into AC (alternating current) for home appliances.

Since there’s no grid backup, off-grid systems must be carefully sized to meet energy needs year-round, often requiring extra battery storage and backup generators for reliability.

How to calculate an off-grid solar system?

To calculate an off-grid solar system, first determine your daily energy usage (kWh/day) from electricity bills. Divide this by peak sunlight hours to find the required solar panel wattage.

For example, if you use 20 kWh/day and get 4 sunlight hours, you need a 5 kW system (5,000W). Divide by panel wattage (e.g., 400W) to get 13 panels. Next, size your battery storage by multiplying daily usage by backup days and converting to amp-hours.

Choose an inverter matching peak power demand and a charge controller based on system voltage. Proper sizing ensures reliable off-grid power year-round.

What is EV charging?

EV charging refers to the process of replenishing the battery of an electric vehicle (EV) by supplying it with electricity. It is typically done through a charging station that connects to the vehicle’s charging port. There are different types of chargers:

Level 1– Uses a standard 120V household outlet (slow charging).
Level 2– Uses a 240V outlet, offering faster charging.
DC Fast Charging– Delivers high-speed charging, typically found at public stations, allowing an EV to charge quickly.

Charging time depends on the charger type and the EV’s battery capacity. EV charging helps maintain a vehicle’s range for daily use.

What is solar PV? How do solar PV panels generate electricity?

Solar PV (Photovoltaic) refers to the technology that converts sunlight directly into electricity. It works through the use of solar panels made up of photovoltaic cells, typically composed of semiconductor materials like silicon. Here’s how solar PV panels generate electricity:

Absorption of Sunlight: Solar panels are made up of multiple photovoltaic (PV) cells. These cells absorb sunlight and use its energy to generate electricity.
Excitation of Electrons: When sunlight hits the semiconductor material in the PV cells, it excites the electrons, causing them to break free from their atoms.
Electric Field Creation: The PV cells are designed with an electric field that directs these free electrons in a specific direction. This movement of electrons creates an electric current.
Flow of Electricity: The electric current flows through conductors and is collected as direct current (DC) electricity.
Conversion to Alternating Current (AC): Since most homes and businesses use alternating current (AC), the DC electricity generated by the panels is then converted into AC electricity using an inverter.
Usage or Storage: The AC electricity can then be used to power electrical devices, or it can be stored in batteries for later use.

Solar PV panels provide a renewable source of energy that helps reduce reliance on fossil fuels and lowers carbon emission

Which PV solar panels are best?

The best PV solar panels depend on factors like efficiency, cost, and warranties. Top brands include Aiko, known for high efficiency (up to 22.8%), a 25-year warranty and individual cell optimisation; JA Solar, offering strong performance and sleek design; REC Solar, praised for durability and efficiency; and Canadian Solar, which provides affordable options with good performance.

Consider factors like efficiency, temperature performance, cost, and warranty when selecting panels. Always consult local installers like Spectrum for tailored recommendations based on your specific energy needs and location.

Have more questions? We’re here to help! At Spectrum Energy Systems, we’re committed to guiding you toward a sustainable energy future. Whether solar panels, battery storage, or off-grid solutions, our experts are ready to provide answers and tailored advice.

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Andy Stafford

Fantastic experience from start to finish! The team at Spectrum provided clear, honest advice and helped me understand my solar options without any confusion. The installation was smooth, professional, and completed on time. The difference in my energy bills has been incredible! Their post-installation support was also excellent—checking in to ensure everything was working perfectly. Highly recommend their services to anyone considering solar energy!

Andy Stafford

MD of RSJ Steel

Luke Jackson

Brilliant company to deal with. From the initial chat about my requirements to installation, I can’t fault one thing. I found Solar somewhat a minefield with some people trying to bamboozle me with information but Spectrum helped explain it in simple terms. The installation was faultless and they even called me 2 days later just to check everything was running OK. 10/10 team. Would definitely recommend.

Luke Jackson

Owner of Jacksons Nurseries

Troy Hackett

Exceptional service and professionalism from Spectrum! The team guided me through the entire process, making everything easy to understand. The installation was seamless, and the quality of work was outstanding. I’ve already noticed a significant drop in my energy costs. Plus, their after-sales support has been fantastic—they genuinely care about their customers. I couldn’t be happier with my decision to go solar with Spectrum!